Basic makina katundu wa zitsulo zipangizo

Zochita zazitsulo nthawi zambiri zimagawidwa m'magulu awiri: ndondomeko yoyendetsera ntchito ndi ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito. Zomwe zimatchedwa ntchito ya ndondomeko zimatanthawuza kugwira ntchito kwa zipangizo zachitsulo pansi pazikhalidwe zozizira komanso zotentha zomwe zimapangidwira panthawi yopangira zida zamakina. Ubwino wa njira yopangira zinthu zachitsulo umatsimikizira kusinthika kwake pakukonza ndi kupanga panthawi yopanga. Chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana processing, chofunika ndondomeko katundu alinso osiyana, monga kuponya ntchito, weldability, forgeability, kutentha kutentha ntchito, kudula processability, etc. Otchedwa ntchito amatanthauza ntchito zipangizo zitsulo pansi pa zikhalidwe ntchito mbali zamakina, zomwe zimaphatikizapo zida zamakina, zida zakuthupi, zida zamankhwala, ndi zina. Kuchita kwazinthu zachitsulo kumatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa ntchito ndi moyo wautumiki.

M'makampani opanga makina, zida zamakina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwanthawi zonse, kuthamanga kwanthawi zonse komanso media zosawononga kwambiri, ndipo pakagwiritsidwa ntchito, gawo lililonse limanyamula katundu wosiyanasiyana. Kukhoza kwa zitsulo kukana kuwonongeka pansi pa katundu kumatchedwa mechanical properties (kapena mechanical properties). Zomwe zimapangidwira zazitsulo zazitsulo ndizo maziko akuluakulu a mapangidwe ndi kusankha zinthu zamagulu. Kutengera mtundu wa katundu wogwiritsidwa ntchito (monga kupsinjika, kupsinjika, kugwedezeka, kukhudzidwa, katundu wa cyclic, etc.), zida zamakina zomwe zimafunikira pazida zachitsulo zidzakhalanso zosiyana. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizansopo: mphamvu, pulasitiki, kuuma, kulimba, kukana zambiri komanso kutopa. Katundu aliyense wamakina akukambidwa mosiyana pansipa.

1. Mphamvu

Mphamvu imatanthawuza kuthekera kwa chitsulo kukana kuwonongeka (kupindika kwambiri kwa pulasitiki kapena kusweka) pansi pa katundu wosasunthika. Popeza katundu amachita mu mawonekedwe a kukangana, psinjika, kupinda, kumeta ubweya, etc., mphamvu imagawidwanso mu mphamvu kumakanika, compressive mphamvu, flexural mphamvu, kukameta ubweya mphamvu, etc. Nthawi zambiri pali ubale wina pakati pa mphamvu zosiyanasiyana. Pogwiritsidwa ntchito, mphamvu yokhazikika nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati index yayikulu kwambiri yamphamvu.

2. Pulasitiki

Pulasitiki imatanthawuza kuthekera kwa chitsulo kupanga mapindikidwe a pulasitiki (mapindikidwe okhazikika) popanda kuwononga katundu.

3.Kuvuta

Kuuma ndi muyeso wa kulimba kapena kufewa kwa chitsulo. Pakali pano, njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyezera kuuma pakupanga ndi njira ya indentation hardness, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito inndenter ya mawonekedwe ena a geometric kukanikizira pamwamba pa chitsulo chomwe chikuyesedwa pansi pa katundu wina, ndipo mtengo wa kuuma umayesedwa. kutengera mlingo wa indentation.
Njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri ndi Brinell hardness (HB), Rockwell hardness (HRA, HRB, HRC) ndi Vickers hardness (HV).

4. Kutopa

Mphamvu, pulasitiki, ndi kuuma zomwe zafotokozedwa m'mbuyomu zonse ndizizindikiro zamakina zachitsulo chomwe chili pansi pa katundu wokhazikika. M'malo mwake, zida zambiri zamakina zimayendetsedwa mozungulira, ndipo kutopa kumachitika m'zigawo zomwe zili mumikhalidwe yotere.

5. Impact kulimba

Katundu womwe umagwira pamakina pa liwiro lalitali kwambiri umatchedwa impact load, ndipo kuthekera kwachitsulo kukana kuwonongeka pansi pa katundu wake kumatchedwa kulimba kwamphamvu.